PRODUCTION AND HAZARDOUS
In a volcano eruption the principle production can be grouped into several categories that is according to the type of materials ejected during the volcanic eruption, and the mode of transport from the vent to the place it to be deposited that is the ash falls, pyroclastics flows, lava flows and also the gas emission. We know there are also several other hazardous phenomena which are directly associated with the eruption. Which are Lahars, glacier bursts, ground fracture, ground subsidence, debris avalanche, tsunamis and also the volcanic earthquakes. There are different types of volcanic hazards they are lava flows, Poisonous, Ash flows, Pyroclastic flows, Lahars, and Volcanic debris avalanches.
Lava flows : The lava flows are less dangerous to the human life than to the property, traffic and also to the communication this is because the path of lava flow can be roughly predicted, diversion measures, cool advancing front with water, disruption of source or the advancing front of lava flow by the explosives may be taken in principle. The highly viscous lava generally does not advance far, but commonly piles, up above an active vent as a lava dome. But such domes will collapse repeatedly and which also generate dangerous hot block and the ash flows, and the hot surges and will blast.
Poisonous : During the volcanic eruption even the lethel gases are ejected or the lethal can be released without a triggering eruption. In the volcanic eruption,the gases are transported away from the vent as acid aerosols, as the compounds which are absorbed on tephra and which as a microscopic salt particles. The sulfur compounds, chlorine and fluorine which reacts with the water and forms poisonous acid, which will cause damaging to the eyes, skin and the respiratory system of animals in a small concentration itself. During volcanic eruptions there are many gases produced, and most of the volcanic gases are noxious and smell bad, and they can cause mass fatalities(death). In early time available for the warning of gas release was extremely short, and the intensified investigation on such gas eruption, and observation of the respective locations where necessary.
Ash falls : In the volcanic eruption there are many ashes formed, which are not directly endangers life,but these ashes which deposit on the roof of the houses,and which collapse under the ash load. It can causes damages to agriculture and industries even at distances up to ten kilometers from the vent. The hazards of tephra falls can be decreased by a proper planning and preparations. This can be done by clearing tephra from the roofs as it accumumulates,this is done by designing the roof in such a way that roofs having steep slopes, designing filters for the machinery, strengthening the roofs and walls, and also by wearing the respirators over the mouth and nose.
Pyroclastic flows : The pyroclastic flows and low-density surges which are frequently associated with the blast are extremely hazardous types of volcanic eruptions. The pyroclastics flow consist of a mixture of volcanic gases and ashes and which are formed during many of the volcanic eruptions, and which may be hot as 900 degree c, which moves swiftly with velocities of up to several 100 m/s. And it is virtually impossible for the early warning of this volcanic phenomenon. The most dangerous situation develops when the pyroclastic flows are generated on the snow or glacier covered volcanoes, which causes the cover to the melt. The one and only method of risk mitigation is evacuation prior to such eruption from areas likely to be affected by the pyroclastic flows.
Lahars : In lahars the volcanic mud and debris flows are the common volcanic hazards for the people and for the property. The lahars in the same way or manner proceed very quickly and which possess great destructive power. This occurs either as a direct consequence of volcanic eruption, for the instance, crater lake are blown out, or a secondary event as a result of the heavy rainfall during or after the eruption. During this the area farther away sometimes may be warned for several hours in advance. The small lahars can be diverged either by the barriers or either by the artificial channels which may lead them away from the land. in most of the cases the volume and force in the lahars are formed beyond the human power to control them.
Volcanic debris avalanches : The volcanic debris avalanches is occurred or generated by the sliding of larger portions of the volcanic cones are the common. The volcanic debris avalanches are highly mobile and which may not only bury the large tracts of land and dam stream to form the lakes than the can drain catastrophically and which generates lahars and floods, but which also causes devastating the tidal waves that is the tsunamis, if they are either advances into the lake or sea. For this the only effective method of risk mitigation is the evacuation prior to the such debris avalanche or the tsunamis from the areas that are likely to be affected by this kind of phenomena.
The damage and hazard to human life, social structure, and the property may no be included by the direct effects of volcanic eruptions. And the other most dangerous secondary phenomena are tsunamis, contaminated ashes, or the long lasting aerosol clouds which can orbit the earth for years after the volcanic eruptions. The aerosol clouds basically consist of the condensed volcanic gases, mainly the sulfuric acid. By the large emission of the quantities of so2 and also by the possibly halogens into the stratosphere which may lead to the decrease of temperature of the earth's surface by the increasing the global albedo and which also contributes significantly destruction to the stratospheric ozone layer. The correlations between volcanic hazards, destructive potential, and the erupted mass is not the universal. In many, of the cases the destructive potential depends less on the mass and temperature of the erupted material than which does on the specific environment of the eruptive center, and especially on the degree of magma-water interaction and the energy of the initial blasts.
In a volcano eruption the principle production can be grouped into several categories that is according to the type of materials ejected during the volcanic eruption, and the mode of transport from the vent to the place it to be deposited that is the ash falls, pyroclastics flows, lava flows and also the gas emission. We know there are also several other hazardous phenomena which are directly associated with the eruption. Which are Lahars, glacier bursts, ground fracture, ground subsidence, debris avalanche, tsunamis and also the volcanic earthquakes. There are different types of volcanic hazards they are lava flows, Poisonous, Ash flows, Pyroclastic flows, Lahars, and Volcanic debris avalanches.
Lava flows : The lava flows are less dangerous to the human life than to the property, traffic and also to the communication this is because the path of lava flow can be roughly predicted, diversion measures, cool advancing front with water, disruption of source or the advancing front of lava flow by the explosives may be taken in principle. The highly viscous lava generally does not advance far, but commonly piles, up above an active vent as a lava dome. But such domes will collapse repeatedly and which also generate dangerous hot block and the ash flows, and the hot surges and will blast.
Poisonous : During the volcanic eruption even the lethel gases are ejected or the lethal can be released without a triggering eruption. In the volcanic eruption,the gases are transported away from the vent as acid aerosols, as the compounds which are absorbed on tephra and which as a microscopic salt particles. The sulfur compounds, chlorine and fluorine which reacts with the water and forms poisonous acid, which will cause damaging to the eyes, skin and the respiratory system of animals in a small concentration itself. During volcanic eruptions there are many gases produced, and most of the volcanic gases are noxious and smell bad, and they can cause mass fatalities(death). In early time available for the warning of gas release was extremely short, and the intensified investigation on such gas eruption, and observation of the respective locations where necessary.
Ash falls : In the volcanic eruption there are many ashes formed, which are not directly endangers life,but these ashes which deposit on the roof of the houses,and which collapse under the ash load. It can causes damages to agriculture and industries even at distances up to ten kilometers from the vent. The hazards of tephra falls can be decreased by a proper planning and preparations. This can be done by clearing tephra from the roofs as it accumumulates,this is done by designing the roof in such a way that roofs having steep slopes, designing filters for the machinery, strengthening the roofs and walls, and also by wearing the respirators over the mouth and nose.
Pyroclastic flows : The pyroclastic flows and low-density surges which are frequently associated with the blast are extremely hazardous types of volcanic eruptions. The pyroclastics flow consist of a mixture of volcanic gases and ashes and which are formed during many of the volcanic eruptions, and which may be hot as 900 degree c, which moves swiftly with velocities of up to several 100 m/s. And it is virtually impossible for the early warning of this volcanic phenomenon. The most dangerous situation develops when the pyroclastic flows are generated on the snow or glacier covered volcanoes, which causes the cover to the melt. The one and only method of risk mitigation is evacuation prior to such eruption from areas likely to be affected by the pyroclastic flows.
Lahars : In lahars the volcanic mud and debris flows are the common volcanic hazards for the people and for the property. The lahars in the same way or manner proceed very quickly and which possess great destructive power. This occurs either as a direct consequence of volcanic eruption, for the instance, crater lake are blown out, or a secondary event as a result of the heavy rainfall during or after the eruption. During this the area farther away sometimes may be warned for several hours in advance. The small lahars can be diverged either by the barriers or either by the artificial channels which may lead them away from the land. in most of the cases the volume and force in the lahars are formed beyond the human power to control them.
Volcanic debris avalanches : The volcanic debris avalanches is occurred or generated by the sliding of larger portions of the volcanic cones are the common. The volcanic debris avalanches are highly mobile and which may not only bury the large tracts of land and dam stream to form the lakes than the can drain catastrophically and which generates lahars and floods, but which also causes devastating the tidal waves that is the tsunamis, if they are either advances into the lake or sea. For this the only effective method of risk mitigation is the evacuation prior to the such debris avalanche or the tsunamis from the areas that are likely to be affected by this kind of phenomena.
The damage and hazard to human life, social structure, and the property may no be included by the direct effects of volcanic eruptions. And the other most dangerous secondary phenomena are tsunamis, contaminated ashes, or the long lasting aerosol clouds which can orbit the earth for years after the volcanic eruptions. The aerosol clouds basically consist of the condensed volcanic gases, mainly the sulfuric acid. By the large emission of the quantities of so2 and also by the possibly halogens into the stratosphere which may lead to the decrease of temperature of the earth's surface by the increasing the global albedo and which also contributes significantly destruction to the stratospheric ozone layer. The correlations between volcanic hazards, destructive potential, and the erupted mass is not the universal. In many, of the cases the destructive potential depends less on the mass and temperature of the erupted material than which does on the specific environment of the eruptive center, and especially on the degree of magma-water interaction and the energy of the initial blasts.
No comments:
Post a Comment