CALIFORNIA

                       Mount Lassen

       The Mount Lassen is also know as the Lassen Peak. It is the one of the most active volcano in the southern most active in the Cascade Range. Mount Lassen which is located on the Shasta Cascade region of the Northern California. The Mount Lassen which rises 600 m above the surrounding Lerrain, it has an .5 Cu m, , because of this the Mount Lassen is one of the largest lava domes on the earth. The mount Lassen, which is created on the destroyed northeast flank of the now gone Mount Tehama, a strato volcano that was at least 1,000 ft higher than the Lassen Peak. The Mount Lassen, which is a part of the Cascade Volcanic arc that stretches from the south western British Columbia to the northern California. 22 may 1915 there was a powerful explosive eruption at the Lassen Peak devastated nearby areas and about 300 km east the volcanic ash was spread. Through 1914 - 1917 this was the one of the most powerful eruption. During the 20th century the Lassen peak and the Mount st. Helen's was the two volcanoes in the Contiguous United states. In the Shasta country, California the Lassen Volcanic National Park was formed to preserve the devastated areas for the future observation and for the study and also preserve the nearby volcanic features. The Lassen Peak is topped by the craters. Around the summit of the Lassen Peak a set of these craters exists, even the two of them is been covered up by the solidified lava and sulfur deposits. The Lassen Peak which is the southernmost on the chain of the eighteen large Juan de Fuca tectonic plate and also the smaller Gorda plate to its south subducted under the North American plate. When the Oceanic crust of the Juan de Fuca melts on the subduction Zone, the pools of the magma form. The climate of Lassen Peak is, it has the highest winter snowfall amounts in California. It is observed that there is an average annual snowfall of 1,676 cm (that is 660 in), and also in some years there is more than 2,500 cm, (1,000 in) of snow falls at its base altitude of 2,515 m, (8,250 ft) at the Lake Helen. Mount Lassen area which receives more rain, snow, hail, sleet , etc, Compared to anywhere in the Cascade Range south of the Three Sister volcanoes in the Oregon. The Lightning is found to be strike the summit of the volcano frequently during the summer thunderstorm. The Lassen Peak which is the southernmost in the chain of eighteen large volcanic peaks that stretch British Columbia in the Southwestern to the Northern California. During the past 35 million years these peak were formed while the Large Juan de Fuca tectonic Plate and the much smaller Gorda Plate to its south subducted under the North American Plate. As the oceanic crust of the Juan de Fuca plate melts in the subduction zone, pools of magma form; these uplifted the Cascade Range and led to periodic volcanic eruptions. The region around the Lassen Peak which remains, active with mudpots, fumaroles, and hot spring demonstrating area activity. The areas the Mount Lassen and the Mount Shasta which is considered to be the most volcanoes in the Cascade Range to erupt during the coming years or centuries.

                       Facts About Mount Lassen :

1. Location :Shasta Country, California.                                          
2. Range :Cascade Range.                                                                
3. Coordinates:40degree29’17’North121degree30’18”west.            
4. Type:Lava dome.                                                                           
5. Age Of Rock :Less than 27,000 years.                                                 
6. Volcanic arc:Cascade Volcanic Arc. 

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WYOMING

                          DEVILS TOWER


          The Devils Tower is a 867 foot rock formation in the northeastern Wyoming.The Devils Tower which is an igneous intrusion or laccolith in the Bear Lodge Mountain near the Hulett and Sundane in the crook Country, the northeastern Wyoming is above the Belle Fourche River. The Devil Tower which is made of Phonolite porphyry which is an igneous rock, which means that it is formed as magma or lava cooled. The first declared United States National Monument was the Devils Tower, which is found to be established 24th September 1906, by the Theodore Roosevelt the president. The Monument's boundary which encloses an area of 1,347 acres.  The Devil's Tower got its name in 1875 during an expedition led by the col. The Richard Irving Dodge's interpreter misinterpreted the name to mean Bad God's Tower, which then becomes has the Devil's tower. The landscape surrounding the Devils Tower is composed mostly of the Sedimentary rocks. During the Triassic period the oldest rock visible in Devils Tower National Monument were laid down in a shallow sea. The dark red sandstone and maroon siltstone, which is inter bedded with the shale, which can be seen along the Belle Fourche River. The redness of the rock is due to the oxidation of iron minerals. This rock layer, which is known as the spearfish Formation. There is a thin band white gypsum above the Spearfish formation, which is called as the Gypsum Spring Formation. The layer of gypsum was deposited during the Jurassic period. The Devils Tower which is made of Phonolite Porphyry. The Phonolite Porphyry which is an igneous rock, that means it was formed by the Lava or Magma cooled.  The  magma which formed Devils tower cooled, which condensed into the columns. The columns which are formed by the Devils Tower are Hexagonal (which means it has six sides). The Devils Tower is formed by the Magma, even through it is not a part of a volcano. The Geologists says that the Devils tower is an igneous intrusion, it means that a place on the Earth's mantle formed by the magma between the chunks of sedimentary rock. The Devils Tower which was not visible for million of years. As the water and wind slowly eroded the surrounding landscape did the igneous intrusion emerge, even today's the landscape continues to erode, worn away by the wind, precipitation and also the nearby Belle Fourche River. The base of the formation which is cluttered with the scree- rubble, boulders, and the fragments of the columns which has broken off the tower.  

Facts Of Devils Tower

• Elevation         : 1,559 m (5,114 ft)                           
• Location          : crook Country, Wyoming ,us                    
• Coordinates       : 44 degree 35'26"N 104 degree 42'56"W       
• Type              : Laccolith                                    
• First Ascent      : William Rogers and Willard Ripley

Washington

Mount Rainier
 
The Mount Rainier in the Cascade Range, is the highest mountain of the Pacific Northwest, and in the Washington state it is the highest mountain. In the southeast of Seattle it is the large active stratovolcano. The Mount Rainier National Park, which is created in 1899, this is a must see destination when visiting to the Washington state.  The Mount Rainier is the most topographically prominent mountain in the contiguous United State. Thee Mt. Rainier is the most dangerous volcanoes in the world, and which is on the Decade Volcano List. The Mount Rainier which can potentially produce massive lahars which can threaten the entire Puyallup River valley.  The Native Americans called the Mount Rainier as Talol, Tacoma or Tahoma.  George Vancouver gives the Mount Rainier its current name, in the honor of his friend Rear Admiral Peter Rainier. United States Board on Geographic Names in 1890 declared the mountain will be known as Rainier.  The Geographical of the Mount rainier is such that this peak is located on the east of Eatonville and southeast of Seattle and Tacoma. In the 128 ultra-prominent mountain peaks of the United states, the Mount Rainier is ranked third. The Mount Rainier which is a stratovolcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc that consists of Lava flows, debris flows and the Pyroclastic ejecta and the flows.  The Volcanic deposits in its earlier was estimated more than 840,000 years old and is also an part of the Lily formation. A Proto-Rainier or an ancestral cone prior is present-day cone due to the earlier deposits.  The volcano is such that, it is highly eroded, with glaciers on its slopes, and which appears mostly of Andesite. In the past, there was an large debris avalanches, and also produce enormous lahars due to the large amount of glacial ice present. The Mount Rainier National park, which is created in 1899. The parks numerous glaciers, snowfields, wildflower-filled meadows. It has 26 glaciers, 63 different species which calls the park home, and 382 lakes the park which is an travelers delight. The Mount rainier which is the most prominent peak in the Northwest and it is also an popular destination for hiking,biking,climbing and camping. The Mount Rainier National Park is open for all years though winter access is only available from the Ashford - Nisqually Entrances on the southwest corner of the park on the way to Paradise and Longmire. The Mount Rainier National park has five main access areas.    

Cannon Beach

                   HAYSTACK ROCK

Haystack Rock is a sea stack about 72 meter in the Cannon beach,on Oregon. The Haystack Rock is sometimes told to the third tallest reached by the island on the structure in the world, but there is no official reference for the support of this. Haystack Rock is a tourist popular destination, in this the monolithic rock is near to the beach and which is also accessible by the foot at low tide, this rock is also home and nesting site for Sea birds and also to many of the intertidal animals, such as the starfish, crabs, Chitons, Limpets, and also Sea slugs. The Haystack Rock is located about 2.4 km south of downtown Cannon Beach in the Clatsop Country.  Haystack Rock is an part of the Tolovana Beach State Recreation Site.  By the Oregon Park and Recreation the area below the mean high water is managed. And the area above the Mean High water is managed by the Oregon Island National Wildlife Refuge of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. There are at least six other geographic features in the Oregon named as the Haystack Rock,  in which including two are along the Oregon coast and the others throughout the U.S, in which the tallest and most known Haystack Rock due to its proximity to Portland is in the Tillamook Country, which stands 100 m above the sea and it is the fourth tallest Sea stack in the world.  The Haystack is Mostly composed of basalt, and it was formed by the lava flow emanating from the Grand Ronde Mountain about 10 to 17 million years ago. The Tillamook Head, Arch Cape, and Saddle mountain are created by the flow of lava. The Haystack Rock was once joined to the coastline but due to years of erosion the monolith separated from the Coast. In 1990 the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife granted Marine Garden in the Haystack Rock. And the collecting plants and animals is strictly prohibited and also the Climbing above the mean high tide level is also prohibited because it disturbs the nesting of birds.  During the low tide between the may and September the educational seminar at the rock is conducted by the  Haystack Rock Awareness program volunteer association.  During the low tide the visitors to the Haystack Rock can view many species of marine wildlife in their natural habitat. The area surrounding the rock is popular for picnicking, kite flying, and also bird watching. 

OREGON

                       MOUNT HOOD

                             Mount Hood is a stratovolcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc of northern Oregon. The Mount Hood is formed by the subduction Zone on the pacific coast and the rest is in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. This is located about 80 km east-southeast of the Portland, which is on the border between the Clackamas and the Hood River counties. It is the highest mountain in the Oregon, it is also the loftiest mountain in the nation based on its prominence.  It is the fourth highest in the Cascade Range. The Mount Hood is considered the Oregon volcano which almost likely to erupt, though based on its history.  The Mount Hood got its name from the Multnomah, in one version of the legend, the two sons of the great spirit Sahale  has fell in love with a beautiful maiden Loowit, she could not decide which one to choose.  Wy'east and the klickitat the two braves, burned the village and forest against each other in the battle over her. Sahale become enraged and smote the three lovers. Seeing what they had done, he erected the three mountain peaks to mark where each fell. And he made beautiful Mount St. Helens for Loowit, proud and erect Mount Hood for the Wy'east and the somber Mount Adams for the mourning Klickitat. There are other versions also for the legend. In the other version the wy'east (Hood) battles Pahto (Adams) for the fair St.Helen etc. The LT. William Broughton, on 29th October 1792 gives it the present name. The LT. William Broughton was a member captain George Vancouver's discovery expedition. The glacially eroded summit area consist of several andesitic or dacitic lava domes. The Pleistocene collapses produced avalanches and lahars that traveled across the Columbia River to the north. The eroded volcano has had at least four major eruptive periods during the past 15,000 years. The last three eruptions at the Mount Hood occurred within the past 1,800 years from vents high on the southwest flank and which produced deposits that were distributed primarily to the south and west along the Sandy and ZigZag rivers. 

Facts Of Mount Hood                                             

• Elevation                : 3,429 m                                         
• Prominence            : 2,349 m
• Location                 : Hood river Counties, Oregon, U.S
• Mountain Range   : Cascade Range
• Coordinates           : 45 degree 22'25"N 121 degree 41'45"W
• Type                       : Stratovolcano
• First Ascenders     : Henry Pittock, W.Lymen Chittenden,                                                Wilbur Cornell, T.A Wood

IDAHO

                                 CRATERS OF THE MOON 

The Craters of the Moon National Monument and preserve which is a u.s National Monument and National Preserve in the Snake River Plain, which is on the central Idaho. This is between the small towns of Arco and Carey, which is at an average elevation of 1,800 m above sea level. IN the Craters of the Moon the protected area which features are volcanic and it also represent one of the best-preserved flood basalt area on the Continental United States. On may 2, 1924 the Monument was established, and the presidential proclamation by the President Clinton expanded the Monument area on November 2000. This lies on the parts of Blaine, Butte, Lincoln, Minidoka and the Power Countries. This area which is managed cooperatively by the National Park Service and also the Bureau of Land Management. The three major Lava fields are encompass by the Monument and Preserve, which is about 1,000 km sq of the Sagebrush steppe grasslands which is to cover an total area of 2,893 km sq. These all three lava fields which lies along the Great Rift of Idaho.  The Craters of the Moon which is on the south-central Idaho, midway between Boise and Yellowstone National Park. From the Pioneer Mountains the lava, which reaches at the  Southeastward. In the Contiguous United States the craters of the moon lava field which spread across 1,601 km sq, and this is the largest Holocene-aged basaltic lava field.  The Monument and Preserve which contains more than 25 volcanic cones. lava field which is the largest of several large beds of lava which is erupted from the 85 km south-east to the north-west trending Great Rift volcanic Zone a line of weakness on the Earth's crust.  The Elevation at the visitor center is 1,800 m above sea level.  The Craters of the Moon which is found to be formed during the eight major eruptive periods between the 15,000 and 2000 years ago. The Lava which erupted from the Great Rift, a series of deep cracks which starts near the visitor center and it also stretch 84 km to the southeast. During that time the Craters of the Moon lava field which grew to cover 1600 sq km. THE King Bowl lava field and smaller Wapi also formed along the Great Rift during the most recent eruptive period.  From the foothills of the pioneer Mountain on the northern end of the monument to the Snake River on the south, weather conditions vary significantly. As the elevation which decreases from the north to south, the temperature increase and the precipitation decreases.  The average annual precipitation which ranges from 16 inches at the monument visitor center to just under 10 inches near the Snake River at Minidoka Dam. On February, the average snow depth which ranges from 56 inches at the north end of the monument to just 2 inches at the south end. The intense summer sun bakes the black lava, which generate an surface temperature of 170 degree Fahrenheit and air temperatures in the 90s. The drying winds are a daily occurrence, especially in the afternoon and may reaches 15 to 30 miles per hour. In the month of June, July,and August, the average monthly precipitation which is found to be less than two inches. The winter which transforms Craters of the Moon into a dramatic landscape of the rugged black lava and also the soft white snow. The Fall and spring are milder, which are with unsettled weather. IN the harsh condition, the delicate wildflowers that burst their life in the month may or June against the monochromatic background of the cinder slopes.  The weathers may influence the visit to the Craters of the Moon, the climate is responsible for the land and life found there. The Monument's dry climate which is typical of the high desert, with most precipitation coming through winter snows. 

Facts of Craters of the Moon 

• Location      : South Central Idaho,US                        
• Coordinates   : 43 degree 27'42"N 113 degree 33'46"W            
• Area          : 464,303 acres                                    
• Latitude      : 43.4617 degree N, 113.5627 degree W

COLORADO

                       PIKES PEAK

              The highest summit of the southern Front Range of the Rocky Mountains of the North America is the Pikes Peak . In the Pike National Forest the ultra-prominent 4,302.31 m, (14,115 foot) the fourteener is located. The  Pikes Peak mountain which is named on the honor of the American explorer Zebulon Pike the one who was unable to reach the summit.  In the United States east of its longitude the summit  is higher than any point.  The Pikes Peak which is one of the Colorado's 53 fourteener's, the mountains which rise more than 4,267.2 m (14,000 feet) above the sea level.  In the National Historic Landmark the Pikes Peak is designated.  The peoples Arapaho knows the Pikes Peak  as "Heey-otoyoo" which means that Long Mountain. The Early Spanish explorers named the mountain as "El Capitan" which means The Leaders. In 1806 the American explorer Zebulon Pike named the mountain as the Highest Peak, and later onwards the mountain was commonly known as "Pikes Highest Peak". Stephen Harriman Long another American explorer named the mountain as "James Peak" in honor of the Edwin James the one who climbed the summit. This mountain which was later renamed "Pike's Peak" in the honor of Pike.  And the United States Board On Geographic Names simplified the name into "Pikes Peak" in 1890. The Pikes Peak which is composed of a characteristic pink granite called as Pikes Peak granite. the pink color which is due to large amount of the potassium feldspar. It is thought that the granite was once magma which crystallized at least 32 km beneath the Earth's surface.  Through the process of uplifting the hardened rock pushed through the earth,s crust and created  a dome-like mountain, which is covered with less resistant rock. The years of erosion and weathering which removed the soil and the rock leaving the exposed mountain.  The soils on the Pikes Peak which are classified as Cirque land above the timberline, the forest at lower altitudes which are mostly supported by brown stony.

Facts of Pikes Peak

• Location         : High point of El Paso Country, Colorado,                                       United states                                                                           
• Range            : Front Range, Highest summit of the Pikes peak                               Massif                                                                            
• Coordinates   : 38 degree 50'26"N 105 degree 02'39"W                        
• Type              : Granite                                                                       
• Age of rock   : approximately 1.05 G yr                                                   
• First ascent    : Edwin James and Party - 1820                                                                  

WYOMING

          YELLOWSTONE CALDERA

The Yellowstone Caldera is the Volcanic Caldera and the Super volcano which is located on the Yellow Stone National Park In the United State. It is also referred as the yellow stone super volcano. In the northwest corner of Wyoming the Caldera and most of the parks are located. The formation of Caldera was during the eruption of the 3 super eruption which occurred over the 2.1 million years ago. The Huckleberry Ridge Eruption 2.1 million years ago created the island park Caldera and the Huckleberry Ridge Tuff .  About 1.3 million years ago the mesa falls eruption which created Henry's Fork Caldera and the mesa falls Tuff and the lava creek eruption 640,000 years ago which formed the Yellow Stone Caldera and the Lava creek Tuff. In accordance to the  North America the Yellowstone is the one of the largest known volcanoes in the world and it is also consider as the largest Volcanic system. The volcano which is found to be laying above an intro plate hot spot which had been feeding the magma chamber which is found to be the underneath of the Yellowstone for at least 2 million years. The giant Caldera which is the product of the large scale collapse of the crust 3 so called Ultra-Plinian or Super Volcano Eruption of large explosive events which erupt several hundreds of few thousands of cubic km of magma. This eruptions which took place 2.1,1.3 and 0.64 million of years ago. The world's largest hydro thermal system is also located in the Yellowstone. It contains about 182 geysers, mud pools and farmaroles. The most famous feature is Yellowstone is old faithful Geyser. And it is believed that it is still active and which contains at least 15,000 cubic km of melt. It is found that in the recent years the Yellowstone has been showing unrest in the form of deformation, ground uplift, temperature change and seismic swarms, all of which have been followed with great interest and which follows some concern. In between the years 1983 and 2006 to small earthquakes were recorded at the Yellowstone Volcano. But  it is found to be that such are normal for a large dormant super volcano. Let us take  the background of the Yellowstone Caldera we know that the Yellowstone Plateaus developed through the volcanic cycle which has occurred 2 million years ago and which is also recorded as the worlds' largest eruption. It was the eruption  > 2450 km Huckleberry ridge Tall about 2.1 million years ago which created more than 75 km long island park caldera. And the second cycle concluded with the eruption of the mega fall Tuff  which is around 1.3 million years ago forming the 16 km wide Henry York Caldera at the western end of the first Caldera. The activity then shifted to the present Yellow Stone plateau and which Culminated 640,000 years ago with the eruption of the > 1000 cu km lava creek Tuff and the formation of the present Caldera. The Resurgent doming which subsequently occurred at the both the northeast and southwest side of the caldera and voluminous intra-caldera rhyolitic lava flows were erupted between the 150,000 and 70,000 years ago. And there was found no magma tic eruptions since the end of the ice age, but it was found that there was large hydro thermal  eruptions which took place near the Yellowstone take during the Holocene . 

Fact Of  Yellowstone Caldera

• Elevation                :  3,142 m (10,300 ft)                                     
• Coordinates           :  44 degree 24'north 110 degree 42' west     
• Age Of Rock           :   640,000 years                                            
• Mountain Range    : Rocky Mountain                                               
• Type                       :   Caldera and Super Volcano                       
• Location                :  Yellow Stone National Park Wyoming, U.S

Crater Lake, Oregon

                                 MOUNT MAZAMA

The Mount Mazama is a strata volcano which is in Oregon segment of  Cascade Volcanic Arc and the Cascade Range which is located in the united state (U.S). The entire Mount Mazama is located with in the Crater Lake National Park. Around 5,677 BC there occurred an Volcanic Eruption and due to this eruption and the Mazama's summit was destroyed.  Due to the eruption an approximate 3,700 m,(12,000 foot) height about an 1600 m mile was reduced. The Klamaths native Americans believed that the mountain was Llao, (the god of underworld). And after the mountain was destroyed they believed  that it was the battle between the Llao and the rivel Skell, (there god of sky). In 1896 the Mount Mazama gives its name by a climbing club from the Portland, and the meaning is the mountain goat. In the Mountain Mazama after its cone building phase, the Mazama lava become increasingly silica rich and also vicious these are the two conditions that tends to trap the explosive gas. it has been taken more than 100 years for the scientist to sought out the remarkable story of the Crater Lake's Information. This has been formed over a period of nearly half a million years by the succession of the overlapping of the volcanoes. The Mount Scott was formed by the earliest eruption which is about 42,000 years ago. It was after the eruption of the Mount Scott  a series of successively younger overlapping volcanoes which grew to the west, and the landmark along the south rim of the Crater Lake caldera, such as the Garfield peak are made up by the lava flow erupted from these volcanoes over several hundred thousand years. The formations by the lava eruptions is listed below. About the 400,000 years old the lava flow which is made by the Phantom ship which is the oldest rock exposed above the lake level with in the Caldera.The Glaciers caved classic U-shaped valleys which is on the flanks of the Mount Mazama which is during the ice age, also including the valley of the sun notch and the Kerr notch. About the beginning  of 30,000 year ago the eruption of a Silica-Rich Magma which is called as the rhyodacite which signaled the beginning of the explosive eruption which would lead to the cataclysmic eruption. During one such eruption which is about 7,900 years ago, the white layer of pumice and the ash beneath Llao rock was formed. And after the explosive phase ended the thick layer of lava flow of Llao rock which oozed over the pumice and over ash. The Crater lake which has been formed by a thick layer of pumice and ash from the eruption. The caldera blanket much of the caldera rim and other layer of the Pumice,ash, which is found to be like the orange pumice castle was deposits from the older, and smaller explosive eruptions.

The Facts about Mount Mazama :    

• Elevation             : 2,487 m, (8,159 feet)
• Latitude               : 42.93 degree North
• Longitude            : 122.12 degree west
• Mountain range   : Cascade Range 
• Location              :  klamath country, Oregon, U.S

Alaska Volcanoes - Shishaldin Volcano

                                      SHISHALDIN VOLCANO

1. The Mount Shishaldin which is consider to the moderately Active Volcano which is on Unimak Island in the Aleutian Island which is the chain of Alaska. This is the highest mountain peak of the Aleutian Island. The  Mount Shishaldin is a symmetrical cone which is shaped glacier in the clad large mountain on the earth, it is nearly a perfect circle on the volcano's topographic contour lines which is above 2,00 m and in feet 6,500. The mountain has lower north south slopes which are steeper than the lower eastern, Western slopes. The Aleuts are also named as the volcano sisquk which means that " the Mountain which points the way when i am lost". The upper part that is 2'000 meter is covered by the glacial snow and ice.  About 35 square miles (91 km sq) of all the shishaldin's glacial shield is been covered. It is less than 10'000 years old and which is constructed on the glacially eroded remnants of an ancestral and shield.The shishaldin edifice which contains about 300 cubic kilometer of materials. In this a steady steam plume rises from it's summit crater which is about 150 m (500 feet) and it is slightly breached along its north rim. In may 16, 1932 the fist ascent to climb was the PETERSON ET AL. Its Elevation is 9373 feet, latitude is 54.7554 degree north, and the longitude is 163.9711 degree west.
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6. Facts Of Mount Shishaldin

• Elevation              : 2,857 m
• Prominence         : 2,857 m
• Latitude                : 54.7554 degree N
• Longitude             : 163.9711 degree w
• Mountain Range  : Aleutian Rang

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Martinique

                                                        Mount Pelee

                                   

                                 The Mount Pelee which is an active volcano which is situated at the northern end of the island and French overseas department of Martinique on the lesser Antilles island arc of the Caribbean . The Mount Pelees volcanic cones are composed of layers of volcanic ash and hardened lavas. Mount Pelee(1379m / 4583 ft) is a volcano on the island of Martinique and erupted dramatically in 1902. On the northern tip of the Lesser Antilles island of Martinique it is considered the most regularly active volcano in the Caribbean.Pelee means bald in French and this probably refers to the denuded volcanic landscape the first French settlers saw in 1635. Martinique is one of the remaining outposts of France in the world and you can have proper croissants that taste as good as the one in France after a dip in the Caribbean. The volcano was last active 1930. In 1902 a catastrophic eruption destroyed the beautiful town of St.Pierre killing 30 000 people.Martinique owes its existence to volcanic acivity and is part of the Antilles Island Arc. Formed due to the subduction of oceanic crust of the North American Plate beneath the Caribbean Plate in a WSW direction at a rate of 2.2cm/year. As the oceanic plate descends magma is generated which gradually works its way to the surface ans ecentually erupts as a volcano.The oldest rocks on the island are 24 million years old and there are 8 volcanic centres. The Chemistry of the erupted rocks implies that the magmas for each centre came from different sources. The oldest lavas are andesitic lavas with a strong influence from tholeiitic magma which is high in Iron and Magnesian (tholeiitic melts are the same source and compostion as basalt lavas, same as oceanic crust). Around 16 million years ago melts became more calc-alkaline and richer in silica with more andesite erupted. This second phase is more typical of a mature volcanc arc.Mt. Pelee is a 400,000 year old stratovolcano and was formed mostly by violent explosive eruptions. The Nuee Ardentes of pyroclastic flows have been caused by dome collapse ( as on Montserrat) and eruption column collapse , where the upward eruption of material in a cloud cannot be maintained and the material collapses back to earth. Both types produce Nuee Ardentes or pyroclastic flows and the associated pumice ignimbrite deposits of ash and ejecta. The 1902 eruption was probably a lateral blast which contained little material but was composed of superheated steam,gas and some ash. Over the last 5000 years the volcano has alternated between Nuee Ardente and Plinian eruptions around every 750 years.

Mount Pelee Facts :

• Prominence                 : 1,397
• Elevation                      : 1,397
• mountain range          :  Lesser Antilles Volcanic Arc
• coordinates                  : 14.8167 degree N, 61.1667 degree W
• Type                              : Stratovolcano

Indonesia

                              Mount Krakatoa  

The krakatoa or called as Krakatau which is said to be an volcanic island which is situated in the Sunda strait which is in between the island of java and sumatra in the Indonesia. The renowned volcano Krakatau (frequently misstated as Krakatoa) lies in the Sunda Strait between Java and Sumatra. Collapse of the ancestral Krakatau edifice, perhaps in 416 AD, formed a 7-km-wide caldera. Remnants of this ancestral volcano are preserved in Verlaten and Lang Islands; subsequently Rakata, Danan and Perbuwatan volcanoes were formed, coalescing to create the pre-1883 Krakatau Island. Caldera collapse during the catastrophic 1883 eruption destroyed Danan and Perbuwatan volcanoes, and left only a remnant of Rakata volcano. This eruption, the 2nd largest in Indonesia during historical time, caused more than 36,000 fatalities, most as a result of devastating tsunamis that swept the adjacent coastlines of Sumatra and Java. Pyroclastic surges traveled 40 km across the Sunda Strait and reached the Sumatra coast. After a quiescence of less than a half century, the post-collapse cone of Anak Krakatau (Child of Krakatau) was constructed within the 1883 caldera at a point between the former cones of Danan and Perbuwatan. Anak Krakatau has been the site of frequent eruptions since 1927 . Early in the morning of May 20, 1883, the captain of the German warship Elizabeth reported seeing an ~11-km-high cloud of ash and dust rising above the uninhabited island of Krakatau, thus documenting the first eruption from this Indonesian island in at least two centures. Over the ensuing two months, crews on commercial vessels and sightseers on charted ships would experience similar spectacles, all of which were associated with explosive noises and churning clouds of black to incandescent ash and pumice. From a distance, the largest of these natural fanfares impressed the local inhabitants on the coastal plains of Java and Sumatra, creating a near-festive environment. Little did they realize, however, that these awe-inspiring displays were only a prelude to one of the largest eruptions in historic times. A series of cataclysmic explosions began at mid-day on August 26, and ended on August 27 with a stupendous paroxysmal eruption. On this day, the northern two-thirds of the island collapsed beneath the sea, generating a series of devasting pyroclastic flows and immense tsunamis that ravaged adjacent coastlines. The events that began on August 26 would mark the last 24 hours on earth for over 36,000 people, and the destruction of hundreds of coastal villages and towns. Krakatau, a small island group in the Sunda Strait between the islands of Sumatra and Java is one of the world's most famous volcanoes. It is a mostly submerged caldera with 3 outer islands belonging to the rim and a new cone, Anak Krakatau, that has been forming a new island since 1927 and remains highly active. 

Krakatau exploded spectacularly in a devastating Plinian eruption 1883 that killed more than 30,000 people (mostly by the huge tsunamis triggered by the eruption). The eruption was one of the first global news events after telegraph lines had connected the different continents.

Background: The renowned volcano Krakatau (or Krakatoa) lies in the Sunda Strait between Java and Sumatra. Collapse of the ancestral Krakatau edifice, perhaps in 416 AD, formed a 7-km-wide caldera. Remnants of this ancestral volcano are preserved in Verlaten and Lang Islands; subsequently Rakata, Danan and Perbuwatan volcanoes were formed, coalescing to create the pre-1883 Krakatau Island. Caldera collapse during the catastrophic 1883 eruption destroyed Danan and Perbuwatan volcanoes, and left only a remnant of Rakata volcano. This eruption, the 2nd largest in Indonesia during historical time, caused more than 36,000 fatalities, most as a result of devastating tsunamis that swept the adjacent coastlines of Sumatra and Java. Pyroclastic surges traveled 40 km across the Sunda Strait and reached the Sumatra coast. After a quiescence of less than a half century, the post-collapse cone of Anak Krakatau (Child of Krakatau) was constructed within the 1883 caldera at a point between the former cones of Danan and Perbuwatan. Anak Krakatau has been the site of frequent eruptions since 1927. The island group of Krakatoa (or Krakatau) lies in the Sunda Strait between Java and Sumatra.  Krakatoa is infamous for its violent Plinian eruption in 1883, that destroyed the previous volcanic edifice and enlarged its caldera. 

Collapse of the former volcanic edifice, perhaps in 416 AD, had formed a 7-km-wide caldera.  Remnants of this ancestral volcano are preserved in Verlaten and Lang Islands; subsequently Rakata, Danan and Perbuwatan volcanoes were formed, coalescing to create the pre-1883 Krakatoa island.  Caldera collapse during the catastrophic 1883 eruption destroyed Danan and Perbuwatan volcanoes, and left only a remnant of Rakata volcano.  

This eruption, the 2nd largest in Indonesia during historical time (the most violent being the eruption of Tambora in 1815), caused more than 36,000 fatalities, most as a result of devastating tsunamis that swept the adjacent coastlines of Sumatra and Java.  Pyroclastic surges traveled 40 km across the Sunda Strait and reached the Sumatra coast.  After a quiescence of less than a half century, the post-collapse cone of Anak Krakatoa ("Child of Krakatoa") was constructed within the 1883 caldera at a point between the former cones of Danan and Perbuwatan.  Anak Krakatau has been the site of frequent eruptions since 1927.


Mount Krakatoa Facts :

• Prominence    :  2,667 ft (813 m)
• Elevation         : 2,667 ft (813 m)
• Location          :  Sunda strait between java and sumatra 
• coordinates     : 6°06′07″S 105°25′23″E
• Type                  : Caldera

East Coat of italy

                                  MOUNT ETA


The Mount Eta is an active stratovolcano which is on the east coast of Italy, which is in the province of Catania, between the Messina and Catania. Mount Eta which lies above the convergent plate magin between the Eurasian Plate and African Plate. In European continent, the Mount Eta is the tallest active volcano, which is currently 10,922 ft high, but it varies with the summit eruptions. In the Italy south of Alps it is the highest mountain. The Eta covers an area of 459 sq mi which has an basal circumference of 140 km. According to the Greek Mythology, the deadly monster Typhon was trapped under this mountain by the Zeus (According to Greek mythology he is the god of sky and thunder), and the forges of Hephaestus ( was the son of Zeus and Hera, they are the king and queen of the gods), was said to be also located underneath of it. The Mount Etna which is the most active volcanoes in the world and it is almost constant state of activity. This fertile volcanic soils which supports extensive agriculture, with vineyards and orchards spread across the lower slopes of the mountain and the broad plain of Catania to the south. The Mount Eta was added to the UNESCO world Heritage Sites in the June 2013. The Sicily, which is an island off the Italian Coast, which is dominated by the Mount Etna. The Etna is active and which erupts regularly. Mount Etna is part of the Calabrian arc, or range, of volcanoes and has grown up on the rift where the African tectonic plate meets the Eurasian tectonic plate. The Mount Etna erupted so regularly that it has made its way into the Greek Legends, One legend Hephaestus and the Cyclops used it for their workshops. In another, it was the giant Typhon’s bedroom. The Greek writers pindar and Aeschylus in 475 B.C, wrote about the eruption of the mountain. It was in 396 B.C that Etna made it into the history records, that its eruption prevented the Carthaginian army from reaching Catania. In 122 B.C So much ash fell on Catania that the romas empire gave the town a tax break until it could recover. In the history.com notes there were 14 recorded eruptions from 1500 B.C. to start of the Christian era. The Mount Etna has erupted 60 times between the birth of Christ and 1669. In 1381 eruption sent lava out to the lonian sea, near Greece. An eruption between march 11 and july 15, sent out a billion cubic yard of lava. That lava eruption formed a secondary cone, Monti Rossi, reaches the ocean and destroyed the part of Catania, 10 miles away. The villagers efforts to dig a trench to divert the flow. Mount Etna which is associated with the subduction of the African plate under the Eurasian plate, that also produced Vesuvius and Campi Flegrei but this a part of different volcanic arc. There are a number of theories has proposed to explain Etna location and the eruptive history, including rifting processes, a hot spot, and intersection of structural breaks in the crust, but the scientists are still debating on the best fits their data. The eruption of Etna which follows a variety of patterns. The most of occur at the summit where there are currently five distinct craters- they are the Northeast Crater, the Voragine, Bocca Nuova and the Southeast Crater Complex, the other eruptions that occurs on the flanks, which has more than 300 vents ranging in size which are from small holes in the ground to large craters of hundreds of meters across. The eruption through Summit is highly explosive and which also are spectacular. But the eruption through the flank which can occur down to a few hundred metres altitude, which may be close to or well within the inhabited areas. During the year Ad 1600, there where occurred at least 60 flanks eruptions and also countless summit eruptions has also occurred, during the start 20th century half of these have happened and since 2000, 2001, 2002-2003, 2004-2005, and 2008-2009 there has four flank eruptions. And the Summit eruptions occurred in 2006, 2007-2008, January-April 2012, and which also occurred during the July-October 2012. In Roman the Etna is known as the Aetna, the name that thought which have derived either from the Greek word aitho or else in the earlier Phoenician word attano. Gibel Utlamat (“the mountain of fire”) the Arabs called the mountain as, and later the name was corrupted into Mons Gibel and Etna’s subsequently changed into Mongibello. Due to the mountain’s regular and often dramatic eruptions made it a major subject of interest for classical mythologists and which later into successors, which sought to explain its behaviors under the terms of various gods and also the giants of the Roman and Greek Legend. According to the Greek the king of the wind Aeolus, was said to imprisoned in the caves below Etna. And Typhon was the giant who was confined under Etna, and they cause the mountain’s eruptions this was according to the Aeschylus the poet. And Enceladus was another giant who rebelled against the gods, and who was killed and buried under the Etna. The Hephaestus, the god of fire and the forge, who was said to have his forge under the Etna and drove the fire-demon Adranus out from the mountain, and the Cyclopes maintained a smithy where they fashioned lighting bolts for the Zeus to use as a weapon. A major pre-Socratic philosopher and the Greek statesman of the 5th century BC, who is said to have met his death in the volcano’s crater, but accordance to the reality he seems to have died in Greece.

 Mount Etna Facts

• Location               :   Island of sicily,Italy
• Coordinates         : 37.73 degree N, 15.004 degree E
• Elevation              : 10,925 ft, (3,330 m)
• Volcanic Type     : Stratovolcano
• Area                     :  3,329 m
• Mountain range  :  Nebrodi 

Mexico

                                      POPCATEPETL

The Popocatepetl which is  an active volcano, which is located in the Puebla State of Mexico and Morelos, which is placed in the Central Mexico, and the Popocatepetl which is found to lies in the eastern half of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic belt. The Popocatepetl which is the second highest peak in the Mexico at an 17,802 ft that is of 5,426 m and the highest is the Pico de Orizaba at an 18,491 ft that is of 5,636 m. This is linked to the Iztaccihuatl volcano to the north by the high saddle which is known as the Paso de Cortes. The Popocatepetl which is at 70 km (43 mi) southeast of the Mexico city. The magma which erupting from Popocatepetl has historically been predominantly andesitic, it erupts a large volume of dacaite. The Popocatepetl got its name from the Nahuatl word popoca  that means ‘it smokes’, and tepetl ‘mountain’ that means the smoking mountain. The  stratovolcano which contain a steep-walled, wide crater. The elevation at the peak is about 17,880 ft (5,450 m). The volcano is a cone shaped with a diameter of 16mi that is about 25 km at the base. The crater   is elliptical which as an orientation northeast-southwest.  Walls of the crater vary from 1,970 to 2,760 ft which is 600 to 840 m in height. Popocatepetl  which is currently active. Behind the mountains of Popocatepetl and Izaccihuatl there is a story. It is saided that the two mountains Popocatepetl and Izaccihuatl were  once lovers and set there to rest forever. The mountain Izaccihuatl, was a beautiful young princess, who fell in love with a warrior Popocatepetl. They both loved each other very much.  And the warrior was sent to battle. After the war was won, it was reported that the warrior Popocatepetl has died to the princess. By hearing this news the princess starved and neglected herself due to her sadness for the loss of her lover, then one day she passed away. The warrior Popocatepetl  returned from the battle (that he was not dead) to see his lover, but he could no wake up. He then picked up her  and so he started on a journey to beg god to wake her. When he finally met a large mountain, and the god answered him. And made Popocatepetl and Izaccihuatl into mountains so they can live forever their life together. The Popocatepetl mountain which represent a man kneeling down weeping next to the mountain Izaccihuatl which represent the women (princess), lying down. The Popocatepetil is one of Mexico’s most active volcanoes. After 50 years dormancy, “Popo” came back to life in 1994 and has since then been producing powerful explosions at irregular intervals. In the past centuries before the European invasions, the large eruptions produced giant mud flows that have buried Atzteque settlements, even the entire pyramids.   

• Last eruption      : 2013
• Elevation            : 5,426 m
• First ascent        : 1519
• Prominence       :  3,020
• First ascender   : Diego de Ordaz 

Tanzania

                       Mount Kilimanjaro

The Mount Kilimanjaro is a dormant volcanic mountain which is located in the Tanzania, which has three volcanic cones, Kibo, Mawenzi and Shira. The Mount Kilimanjaro is the highest mountain in the Africa, and it is the highest free-standing mountain in the world which is at 19,341 ft that is 5,895 meters above the sea level. The Mount Kilimanjaro is the large stratovolcano which composed of three different volcanic cones they are kibo, which is the highest; Mawenzi which is at 16,893 ft that is 5,149 meters. The highest summit on kibo's crater rim is the Uhuru peak. The United Nations Educational, Tanzania National Parks, Scientific and Cultural Organization has listed the height of Uhuru Peak as 19,341 ft which is of 5,895 m. The Shira and Mawenzi are those volcanoes that the scientists consider unlikely to erupt again, because of the volcano no longer has the supply of magma. But while the Kibo is dormant and which could can erupt again. Last major eruption has been founded between 150,000 and 200,000 years ago. The kibo has the gas-emitting fumaroles in its crater, there have been occurred several collapses and landslides, one creating the area known as the western beach. In accordance to the english geographer Halford Mackinder, on 1848 missionary Johannes Rebmann of Mombasa was the first European to report the existence of Kilimanjaro. The Kilimanjaro, the name itself is a mystery wreathed in clouds. It also has the meanings of Mountain of greatness, Mountain of Light or the Mountain of caravans. It is a metaphor for the compelling beauty of East Africa. it is not only because it is the highest peak in the African continent, it is also the tallest free-standing mountain in the world, which is rising in breathtaking isolation from the surrounding costal which is scrubland-elevation around of 900 meters. The most of the climbers reach the crater rim with little more than a walking stick, proper clothing and also with the determination. And those peoples who reaches Uhurs point, which is the actual summit, or Gillman's  point on the crater, will have earned their climbing certificates. The ascent of the slopes is a virtual climatic world tour, from the tropics to the Arctic. Before crossing the National Park Boundary which is about at the 2,700m contour the cultivated footslopes give the way to the lush montane forest, which has been inhabited by the elephants, leopards, Buffalo and also with other primates. Higher lies the moorland zone, where we can find a cover of giant heather is studded with the giant lobelias. When above 4,000 m a surreal alpine desert supports little life for other than a few hardy mosses and lichen. At last vestigial vegetation gives way to a winter wonderland of ice and snow and which as the magnificent beauty of the roof  of the continent. The size of the kilimanjaro National Park is 1668 sq km 641 sq miles. It is a wonderful place for the climbers and sightseers.  

Mount Kilimanjaro Facts

Height                      :  5,895 m(19,340 ft)
Size             : 100 km x 65 km (60 miles x 40 miles)
Location         : Tanzania, near Keyan border in East Africa
Ecosystems       : Bushland, Forest, Heath, Alpine, Arctics 
Near cities      : Moshi, Arusha
Near Airport     : Kilimanjaro International Airport

Island of Hawaii

                             Mauna Loa

The Long Mountain in Hawaiian, or the Mauna Loa, which is located on the island of Hawaii. In the 1832, the Mauna Loa is erupted in 39 times, in 1984 was its last eruption. In accordance to the finding of the U.S Geological Survey(USGS), this volcano has erupted in an average of once every 6 years in the past 3000 years. The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory celebrated the 30th anniversary of Mauna Loa's last eruption on the march 25, 2014, underscoring that it has been a realtively quite 3 decades at the world's largest active volcano. The Mauna Loa is actually a big and tall mountain. Which are at 60 miles long and 30 miles wide, which makes up the half of the entire land. When we consider the flanks of Mauna Loa which sit on the sea floor which is about 5,000 M, (16,400 ft) deep, and in this the height of these volcano is relative to the sea floor or to the neighboring land which is like 9,170 m (30,080 ft). The largest active volcano in the wold is the Mauna Loa. We know all large land masses, mountains also push down the Earth's crust because of there enormous weight, so the Mauna Loa the sea floor on which it sits is depressed by additional 8000 m (26,000 ft). So if we want to say the thick at its center which makes the lava pile that make up by the Mauna Loa, we must also consider to add its above sea level height, and the thickness of its depression in the Pacific sea floor. After experiencing a brief swarm deep long period earthquake the summit of Mauna Loa began inflating slowly between 2002 and 2005 after a decade of slight deflation. Earthquakes activity increased in early July 2004 and continued through Fall 2004, but then slowed significantly throughout 2005 and remained at a level of about 10 a week. Activity peaked in Sept. 2004 (for instance, there were more than 350 "long-period" earthquakes beneath Mauna Loa’s summit and the upper southwest rift zone during the first week of that month, most which were deep (35 to 50 km) below the ground surface). That earthquake swarm was the greatest number of such earthquales since the beginning of the modern HVO earthquake catalog in the 1960s. HVO scientists continue to monitor the volcano closely. In an HVO press release on 26 Mar 2009, Frank Trusdell, an HVO geologist who has studied the volcano for nearly two decades, is quoted as saying that "Mauna Loa will erupt again, and there's a good chance that it will be during your lifetime." He and others are interesting in alerting Big Island of Hawaii residents about how to live safely and be aware of the potential hazards posed by Mauna Loa. Mauna Loa is a "shield volcano", which means it is a gently sloping mountain produced from a large number of generally very fluid lava flows. The volcano has been erupting for at least 100,000 years (possibly more) from a primary volcanic center that is presently manifested by Moku'aweoweo crater at the mountain's summit. It has produced both a'a and pahoehoe flows, and lesser amounts of pyroclastic deposits. The volcano is constructed of a rock type known as tholeiitic basalt. Mauna Loa shares the Hawaiian hot spot with its smaller active siblings Kilauea and Loihi seamount. The oldest remnants of subaerial Mauna Loa are to be found in an interesting rock formation known as the "Ninole Volcanic Series". It is a series of steep-sided hills, consisting of thin layers of pahoehoe and a'a lava. These hills form the so-called "Ninole Shield" which is thought to be either the remnants of a pre-Mauna Loa volcano, or uplifted blocks of old Mauna Loa from within the Honuapo-kaoiki fault system. Either way, they are some of the oldest exposed rocks on the southern part of the island.

PHENOMENA

               PRODUCTION AND HAZARDOUS
In a volcano eruption  the principle production can be grouped into several categories that is according to the type of materials ejected during the volcanic eruption, and the mode of transport from the vent to the place it to be deposited that is the ash falls, pyroclastics flows, lava flows and also the gas emission. We know there are also several other hazardous phenomena which are directly associated with the eruption. Which are Lahars, glacier bursts, ground fracture, ground subsidence, debris avalanche, tsunamis and also the volcanic earthquakes. There are different types of volcanic hazards they are lava flows, Poisonous, Ash flows, Pyroclastic flows, Lahars, and Volcanic debris avalanches.

Lava flows : The lava flows are less dangerous to the human life than to the property, traffic and also to the communication this is because the path of lava flow can be roughly predicted, diversion measures, cool advancing front with water, disruption of source or the advancing front of lava flow by the explosives may be taken in principle. The highly viscous lava generally does not advance far, but commonly piles, up above an active vent as a lava dome. But such domes will collapse repeatedly and which also generate dangerous hot block and the ash flows, and the hot surges and will blast.

Poisonous : During the volcanic eruption even the lethel gases are ejected or the lethal can be released without a triggering eruption. In the volcanic eruption,the gases are transported away from the vent as acid aerosols, as the compounds which are absorbed on tephra and which as a microscopic salt particles. The  sulfur compounds, chlorine and fluorine which reacts with the water and forms poisonous acid, which will cause damaging to the eyes, skin and the respiratory system of animals in a small concentration itself. During volcanic eruptions there are many gases produced, and most of the volcanic gases are noxious and smell bad, and they can cause mass fatalities(death). In early time available for the warning of gas release was extremely short, and the intensified investigation on such gas eruption, and observation of the respective locations where necessary.

Ash falls : In the volcanic eruption there are many ashes formed, which are not directly endangers life,but these ashes which deposit on the roof of the houses,and which collapse under the ash load. It can causes damages to agriculture and industries even at distances up to ten kilometers from the vent. The hazards of tephra falls can be decreased by a proper planning and preparations. This can be done by clearing tephra from the roofs as it accumumulates,this is done by designing the roof in such a way that roofs having steep slopes, designing filters for the machinery, strengthening the roofs and walls, and also by wearing the respirators over the mouth and nose.

Pyroclastic flows : The pyroclastic flows and low-density surges which are frequently associated with the blast are extremely hazardous types of volcanic eruptions. The pyroclastics flow consist of a mixture of volcanic gases and ashes and which are formed during many of the volcanic eruptions, and which may be hot as 900 degree c, which moves swiftly with velocities of up to several 100 m/s. And it is virtually impossible for the early warning of this volcanic phenomenon. The most dangerous situation develops when the pyroclastic flows are generated on the snow or glacier covered volcanoes, which causes the cover to the melt. The one and only method  of risk mitigation is evacuation prior to such eruption from areas likely to be affected by the pyroclastic flows.

Lahars : In lahars the volcanic mud and debris flows are the common volcanic hazards for the people and for the property. The lahars in the same way or manner proceed very quickly and which possess great destructive power. This occurs either as a direct consequence of volcanic eruption, for the instance, crater lake are blown out, or a secondary event as a result of the heavy rainfall during or after the eruption. During this the area farther away sometimes may be warned for several hours in advance. The small lahars can be diverged either by the barriers or either by the artificial channels which may lead them away from the land. in most of the cases the volume and force in the lahars are formed beyond the human power to control them. 

Volcanic debris avalanches : The volcanic debris avalanches is occurred or generated by the sliding of larger portions of the volcanic cones are the common. The volcanic debris avalanches are highly mobile and which may not only bury the large tracts of land and dam stream to form the lakes than the can drain catastrophically and which generates lahars and floods, but which also causes devastating the tidal waves that is the tsunamis, if they are either advances into the lake or sea. For this the only effective method of risk mitigation is the evacuation prior to the such debris avalanche or the tsunamis from the areas that are likely to be affected by this kind of phenomena.

The damage and hazard to human life, social structure, and the property may no be included by the direct effects of volcanic eruptions. And the other most dangerous secondary phenomena are tsunamis, contaminated ashes, or the long lasting aerosol clouds which can orbit the earth for years after the volcanic eruptions. The aerosol clouds basically consist of the condensed volcanic gases, mainly the sulfuric acid. By the large emission of the quantities of so2 and also by the possibly halogens into the stratosphere which may lead to the decrease of temperature of the earth's surface by the increasing the global albedo and which also contributes significantly destruction to the stratospheric ozone layer. The correlations between volcanic hazards, destructive potential, and the erupted mass is not the universal. In many, of the cases the destructive potential depends less on the mass and temperature of the erupted material than which does on the specific environment of the eruptive center, and especially on the degree of magma-water interaction and the energy of the initial blasts. 




   

Hawaiin

                                    Mount Kilauea

Kilauea is currently Hyperactive Shield volcano which is located on the Hawaiian Island.The shield Volcano means it is a type of volcano which is build almost entirely with fluid of lava flows.It is named because of their large size and of low profile,that resembles a warrior's shield lying on the ground.It is caused by the highly fluid lava which erupts, and travels farther than the lava erupted from the Strato Volcanoes, and which results in the steady accumulation of broad sheets of lava,which building the shield volcano's distinctive form. The shield volcanoes which contains low viscosity magma, which gives them the flowing mafic lava. The Mount Kilauea is the most active volcano,which is active of the five volcanoes that together forms the island of the Hawaii, and perhaps which is the most active volcano on the earth.The Kilauea is located on the southern shore of the island. Which are of 300,000 to 600,000 years old and which is going above sea level about 100,000 years ago. And the second youngest production of the Hawaiian hot spot and the current eruptive center of the Hawaiian-Emperor sea mount chain. And structurally the Kilauea has a large, fairly recently formed caldera at its summit and two active rift zones and one extending 78 mi(125 km) east and the other 22 mi(35 km) west,this has an active fault line of unknown depth which is moving vertically an average of 0.1 to 0.8 in(2 to 20 mm) per year. The Kilauea name means "spewing"or the other meaning is "much spreading" in the Hawaiian language.In earliest lava from the volcano date back to its submarine pre shield stage, and recovered by ROVs(Remotely Operated Underwater vehicle) from its submerged slopes and the other flow recovered through the core samples. the lava which is younger than 1,000 year covered 90 percentage of the volcano, and the oldest exposed lava date back 2,800 and 2,100 years. In 1823 the first well documented eruption of Kilauea occurred during that time the volcano has erupted repeatedly. This is the most historical eruptions that have occurred at south western rift zone and which are of prolonged and effusive in the characters. The geological record shows that the violent explosive activity predating European contact was extremely common. On the 3 January 1983, one of longest eruption that has occurred in the world. And the January 2011, the eruption has produced 0.84 cu mi(3.5 cubic kilometer) of lava and it has resurfaced  48 square mi(123.2 km square), of the land. The Kilauea's high state of activity has got a major impact on its mountains side ecology where the plants growth is often interrupted by the fresh tephra and also the drifting volcanic sulfur dioxide which is producing the acid rains particularly in a barren area which is south of its south western rift zone known as the Kau desert. Historically in Hawaii the five volcanoes on the island were considered sacred by the Hawaiian peoples, in accordance to the Hawaiian mythology the Kilauea's Halemaumau crater served as the body and home of the pele, godness of fire, lighting, winds volcanoes. William Ellis a missionary from the England gave the first modern account of Kilauea and he spend two week travelling along the volcanoes, the Thomas jaggar in 1912, the Hawaiian volcano observatory, located on the rime of the Kilauea caldera, has served as the principal investigative and the scientific body on the volcano. The Woodrow wilson in 1961 a bill forming that the Hawaii volcanoes National Park was signed into the law by the president, and the park has become a world Heritage site and also a major tourist destination.

Japan

                                MOUNT FUJI

Mount Fuji is located on the Houshu land,which is 12,398 ft (3,776.24).And mount fuji is the highest mountain in japan.Mount Fuji is an active startovolcano that erupted during 1707-08,this lies about 60 mi or 100 kilometers south-west of Tokyo,the mount Fuji can be seen from there itself on a clear day.The Mount fuji is exceptionally symmetrical cone it is snow-capped for several months a year, it is well-known symbol of japan, this Mount Fuji is frequently depicated in art and photograpys, it is been also visted by the sightseers and the climbers.In japan there are Three Holy Mountains, and Mount Fuji is one of it.The Holy Mountains are Mount Haku, Mount Tate and the Mount Fuji.It is also added in the World Heritage List as a cultural site on june 22,2013, it is a Special Place of Science Beauty and a Historic site.According to the heritage site the  Mount Fuji is selected as a cultural than a natural site. According to the UNESCO, the Mount Fuji has inspired artists and poets and the pilgrimage for centuries.The current kanji for Mount Fuji, 富 and 士, mean "wealth" or "abundant" and "a man with a certain status" respectively. However, these characters are ateji  meaning that the characters were selected because their pronunciations match the syllables of the name but do not carry a meaning related to the mountain.

The origin of the name Fuji is unclear. A text of the 10th century Tale of Bamboo Cutter says that the name came from "immortal" and also from the image of abundant soldiers  ascending the slopes of the mountain. An early folk etymology   claims that Fuji came from 不二 , meaning without equal or nonpareil. Another claims that it came from 不尽 , meaning neverending.

A Japanese classical scholar in the Edo era,Hirata Atsutane , speculated that the name is from a word meaning "a mountain standing up shapely as an ear of a rice plant". A British missionary Bob Chiggleson (1854–1944) argued that the name is from the Ainu   word for "fire" of the fire deity ,which was denied by a Japanese linguist Kyosuke Kindaichi(1882–1971) on the grounds of phonetic development . It is also pointed out that huchi means an "old woman" and ape is the word for "fire", ape huchi kamuy being the fire deity. Research on the distribution of place names that include fujias a part also suggest the origin of the word fuji is in the  Yamato language rather than Ainu. A Japanese toponymist Kanji Kagami argued that the name has the same root as Wisteria and rainbow (虹 ), and came from its "long well-shaped slope".